22 research outputs found

    Povezanost upalnih biljega, antidepresiva i depresije

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    The aim of this study was to explore the role of inflammatory markers in the occurrence of depression. The concentrations of inflammatory markers were analyzed in the groups of healthy subjects and subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD ) initially and after one-month antidepressant therapy in the latter. The intention was to demonstrate the role of inflammatory markers in the development of MDD by differences in their concentrations and to explain the mechanism of depression development. This would help us expand our understanding of the occurrence of depression and enable introduction of some new methods in the treatment and diagnosis of depression. Study results showed a statistically significant difference in the concentrations of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) between the group of MDD subjects and control group of healthy subjects. These concentrations were higher in MDD subjects. A statistically significant difference was also found in CRP concentration before and after antidepressant therapy administered to MDD patients, i.e. it was lower after antidepressant therapy. Study results pointed to the efficacy of antidepressant therapy for depression by reducing the concentration of this inflammatory marker.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati ulogu upalnih faktora u mehanizmu nastanka depresije. Analizirane su koncentracije upalnih čimbenika između skupina zdravih ispitanika i ispitanika oboljelih od depresije pri dolasku i mjesec dana od početka liječenja antidepresivima u potonjoj skupini. Temeljem razlika u koncentracijama navedenih čimbenika željelo se potvrditi njihovu ulogu u nastanku depresije i objasniti mehanizam nastanka depresije. Time bi se uz proÅ”irivanje spoznaje o uzroku nastanka depresije mogle primijeniti i nove metode liječenja i dijagnostike depresije. Ovim radom pokazano je postojanje statistički značajne razlike u koncentracijama upalnih faktora (CRP, IL -6 i TNF -Ī±) između zdravih ispitanika i onih oboljelih od depresije. Navedene koncentracije su bile viÅ”e kod depresivnih ispitanika. Nadalje, nakon terapije antidepresivima zabilježena je statistički značajna razlika u koncentraciji CRP u odnosu na početak liječenja, tj. CRP je bio niži nakon terapije antidepresivima. Dobiveni rezultati govore u prilog učinkovitosti terapijskog djelovanja antidepresiva u liječenju depresije kroz snižavanje koncentracije ovoga upalnog čimbenika

    Povezanost upalnih biljega, antidepresiva i depresije

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    The aim of this study was to explore the role of inflammatory markers in the occurrence of depression. The concentrations of inflammatory markers were analyzed in the groups of healthy subjects and subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD ) initially and after one-month antidepressant therapy in the latter. The intention was to demonstrate the role of inflammatory markers in the development of MDD by differences in their concentrations and to explain the mechanism of depression development. This would help us expand our understanding of the occurrence of depression and enable introduction of some new methods in the treatment and diagnosis of depression. Study results showed a statistically significant difference in the concentrations of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) between the group of MDD subjects and control group of healthy subjects. These concentrations were higher in MDD subjects. A statistically significant difference was also found in CRP concentration before and after antidepressant therapy administered to MDD patients, i.e. it was lower after antidepressant therapy. Study results pointed to the efficacy of antidepressant therapy for depression by reducing the concentration of this inflammatory marker.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati ulogu upalnih faktora u mehanizmu nastanka depresije. Analizirane su koncentracije upalnih čimbenika između skupina zdravih ispitanika i ispitanika oboljelih od depresije pri dolasku i mjesec dana od početka liječenja antidepresivima u potonjoj skupini. Temeljem razlika u koncentracijama navedenih čimbenika željelo se potvrditi njihovu ulogu u nastanku depresije i objasniti mehanizam nastanka depresije. Time bi se uz proÅ”irivanje spoznaje o uzroku nastanka depresije mogle primijeniti i nove metode liječenja i dijagnostike depresije. Ovim radom pokazano je postojanje statistički značajne razlike u koncentracijama upalnih faktora (CRP, IL -6 i TNF -Ī±) između zdravih ispitanika i onih oboljelih od depresije. Navedene koncentracije su bile viÅ”e kod depresivnih ispitanika. Nadalje, nakon terapije antidepresivima zabilježena je statistički značajna razlika u koncentraciji CRP u odnosu na početak liječenja, tj. CRP je bio niži nakon terapije antidepresivima. Dobiveni rezultati govore u prilog učinkovitosti terapijskog djelovanja antidepresiva u liječenju depresije kroz snižavanje koncentracije ovoga upalnog čimbenika

    Anxiety and How to Heal it

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    Anksioznost se javlja u cijelom nizu psihičkih poremećaja te ju stoga kliničar uvijek mora ozbiljno razmotriti kako bi stekao cjelovit dojam prilikom postavljanja dijagnoze određenoga psihičkog poremećaja, ali ujedno diferencijalnodijagnostički isključio i druga stanja koja također mogu doći u obzir. Ključna obilježja anksioznih poremećaja jesu strah i zabrinutost, koji su prisutni u čitavom spektru anksioznih poremećaja. Amigdala ima srediÅ”nju ulogu u reakciji straha. Brojni su neurotransmitori uključeni u reguliranje krugova koji sudjeluju u etiologiji anksioznih poremećaja. GABA (g-aminomaslacna kiselina) glavni je neurotransmitor kod anksioznosti, a benzodiazepinski anksiolitici ostvaruju učinak putem ovoga neurotransmitorskog sustava. Serotonin, noradrenalin, 2-ligandi, koji se vežu na naponske kalcijeve kanale, regulatori su krugova anksioznosti. Brojne su terapije na raspolaganju za liječenje anksioznih poremećaja, a većina njih se na sličan način primjenjuje u čitavom spektru anksioznih poremećaja, kao i u liječenju depresije.Anxiety occurs in a variety of mental disorders, and it needs to be seriously considered in order to create a complete impression when setting up a specific diagnosis of mental disorders, but also when ruling out other conditions that may also be considered. The key characteristic of anxiety disorders are fear and concern, which are present throughout a whole spectrum of anxiety disorders. The amygdala plays a central role in the reaction of fear. Numerous neurotransmitters are involved in regulation of pathways involved in the etiology of anxiety disorders. GABA

    Podudarnost između poremećaja smanjene pozornosti / hiperaktivnosti (DSM IV ADHD) i hiperkinetskog poremećaja ICD 10 u uzorku hrvatske dječje populacije

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    The aim of the study was to examine directly the extent to which ICD 10 hyperkinetic disorder and DSM IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) identify the same children with the same difficulties. Participants were elementary school children (n=409) aged 7-10 years. Diagnostic criteria for ICD 10 hyperkinetic disorder and DSM IV ADHD were applied. Four groups were identified: hyperkinetic disorder and ADHD (n=35), ADHD only (n=27), hyperkinetic disorder only (n=3), and children without any symptoms according to DSM IV and ICD 10 criteria (n=344). The kappa coefficient assessing the agreement between the DSM IV ADHD and ICD 10 hyperkinetic disorder was K=0.66; percent of agreement = 78%. The c2-test yielded c2=250.3 (df=1; p<0.001). The prevalence of DSM IV ADHD and ICD 10 hyperkinetic disorder was 15.16% and 9.3%, respectively. DSM IV was found to identify a broader group of children; however, there was a substantial overlap between the groups formed according to these criteria.Cilj ovoga rada bio je usporediti u kojoj mjeri kriteriji MKB 10 za hiperkinetski poremećaj i poremećaj pozornosti/ hiperaktivnosti (ADHD) prema kriterijima DSM IV prepoznaju istu djecu s istovrsnim smetnjama. Ispitanici su bila djeca osnovnoÅ”kolskog uzrasta starosti 7-10 godina (n=409). U analizi su primijenjeni dijagnostički kriteriji prema klasifikaciji MKB 10 za hiperkinetski poremećaj i kriteriji DSM IV za ADHD. Izdvojene su četiri skupine djece: hiperkinetski poremećajem i ADHD (n=35), samo ADHD (n=27), samo hiperkinetski poremećaj (n=3) i djeca bez simptoma prema kriterijima DSM IV i ICD 10 (n=344). Koeficijent podudarnosti između hiperkinetskog poremećaja MKB 10 i DSM IV ADHD bio je K=0.66; postotak podudarnosti 78%. c2-test pokazao je statistički značajan rezultat (c2=250.3; df=1; p<0.001). Prevalencija za ADHD prema DSM IV bila je 15.16%, a za MKB 10 hiperkinetski poremećaj 9.3%. Utvrđeno je da DSM IV identificira Å”iru skupinu djece, međutim, nađeno je značajno preklapanje među prepoznatim skupinama djece uz ova dva različita kriterija

    Alopecia areata u bolesnice s graničnim poremećajem osobnosti uz istodobni poremećaj raspoloženja u obliku depresivne epizode

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    A case is presented of a 44-year-old female patient, highly educated, suffering from borderline personality disorder with comorbid mood disorder, manifested as a depressive episode, who had been suffering from acute emotional stress for a few months. She was through the procedure of divorce, losing her children by the court decision. Over a two-month period she had lost over 90% of her hair and started treatment for alopecia areata. She was simultaneously treated by a dermatologist and a psychiatrist, and attended group psychotherapy. The impact of psychological factors in the development, evolution and therapeutic management of alopecia areata was documented in this case. Life events and intrapsychically generated stress played an important role in triggering the disease. The treatment for the concomitant psychiatric disorder had a crucial role in this case because it had a favorable effect on the patient\u27s adaptation to her alopecia areata and social setting, and led to better dermatologic evolution of the disease.Prikazan je slučaj 44-godiÅ”nje visoko obrazovane bolesnice s graničnim poremećajem osobnosti uz istodobni poremećaj raspoloženja u obliku depresivne epizode, koja je nekoliko mjeseci proživljavala akutni emocionalni stres. ProÅ”la je postupak razvoda braka, a sudskom joj odlukom djeca nisu dodijeljena. Kroz dva mjeseca izgubila je preko 90% kose i započela je liječenje zbog alopecie areate. Istodobno su ju liječili dermatolog i psihijatar, a pohađala je i grupnu terapiju. U ovom je slučaju dokumentiran utjecaj psiholoÅ”kih čimbenika na razvoj, evoluciju i liječenje alopecie areate. životni događaji i psihički stres imali su važnu ulogu u pokretanju bolesti. Uloga liječenja u istodobnom psihičkom poremećaju bila je presudna u ovom slučaju, jer je imala pozitivan učinak na način na koji se je bolesnica prilagodila nastalom opadanju kose i druÅ”tvenom okruženju, Å”to je dovelo do boljeg dermatoloÅ”kog razvoja alopecie areate

    Korelacija biokemijskih indikatora stresa u slini i psiholoŔkih indikatora

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    ā€“ Saliva is a complex body fl uid that has various functions in the oral cavity. Central nervous system has the most important role in regulating salivation. Saliva as a sample is suitable for simplicity of sampling and because it contains analytes in the free active form. Stress is a condition in which the internal (psychophysical) balance of the body is disturbed. It activates the hypothalamicpituitary axis, so salivary cortisol is a free cortisol indicator that correlates well with its serum value and refl ects the free fraction that is biologically active. At the same time, stress conditions stimulate the sympathetic neuronal system causing change in the secretion of salivary Ī±-amylase from salivary glands. The hypothesis of this study was that students with daily intensive physical activity are exposed to chronic stress compared to other students who have minimal physical activity. Th e study included 54 healthy volunteers, students of the University of Zagreb, divided into two groups. One volunteer group consisted of physically active volunteers (n=27) from the Faculty of Kinesiology (FK), and the other group consisted of physically inactive volunteers (n=27) from other faculties (OF). The subjects were fi rst administered a psychological test that consisted of two questionnaires, Quality of Life Questionnaire and Questionnaire of Stressful Styles, and then underwent sampling of saliva. By comparing biochemical and psychological indicators in relation to stress, it was concluded that the two groups of students were equalized and that there was no objective support for either group to be considered exposed to chronic stress. Despite the substantial diff erences in physical activity, there was no diff erence between the two student populations.Slina je tjelesna tekućina složenog sastava koja ima razne funkcije u usnoj Å”upljini. SrediÅ”nji živčani sustav ima najznačajniju ulogu u regulaciji salivacije. Slina kao uzorak pogodna je zbog jednostavnosti uzorkovanja, a u njoj se analiti nalaze u slobodnom, tj. aktivnom obliku. Stres je stanje u kojem je poremećena unutarnja (psihofizioloÅ”ka) ravnoteža organizma. Aktivira osovinu hipotalamus-hipofiza-kora nadbubrežne žlijezde pa je salivarni kortizol indikator slobodnog kortizola, dobro korelira sa serumskom vrijednoŔću i odražava slobodnu frakciju koja je bioloÅ”ki aktivna. Istodobno stresna stanja stimuliraju simpatički neuronski sustav, Å”to uzrokuje promjenu lučenja slinovne alfa-amilaze iz žlijezda slinovnica. Hipoteza ovoga istraživanja bila je da su studenti sa svakodnevnom intenzivnom fizičkom aktivnoŔću izloženi kroničnom stresu u odnosu na druge studente koji imaju minimalne fizičke aktivnosti. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 54 zdravih dobrovoljaca, studenata SveučiliÅ”ta u Zagrebu, podijeljenih u dvije skupine; jednu skupinu dobrovoljaca činili su fizički aktivni dobrovoljci (n=27) s KinezioloÅ”kog fakulteta, a drugu skupinu činili su fizički neaktivni dobrovoljci (n=27) s ostalih fakulteta. Ispitanici su najprije bili podvrgnuti psiholoÅ”kom testiranju koje se sastojalo od dva upitnika, Upitnik kvalitete života i Upitnik stilova suočavanja sa stresom te je potom izvrÅ”eno uzorkovanje sline. Usporedbom biokemijskih i psiholoÅ”kih pokazatelja u odnosu na stres zaključeno je da su dvije skupine studenata izjednačene te nije nađeno objektivno uporiÅ”te po kojem se jednoj skupini mogao pripisati kronični stres. Unatoč bitno različitim fizičkim aktivnostima nije utvrđena razlika između dviju studentskih populacija

    Uspoređivanje koncentracije litija u serumu, plami i eritrocitima

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    The use of lithium in medicine began in the mid-19th century, when the solubility of uric acid salts in the solution of lithium carbonate was demonstrated in vitro, which meant that lithium could be used in the treatment of gout. The use of lithium in psychiatry starts in 1949, when the effect of lithium in the treatment of mania was demonstrated. The mechanism of action of lithium is not yet completely understood. In parallel with the use of lithium in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, different methods for the determination of lithium in human samples have been developed. The first aim of the study was to determine the amount of lithium in serum samples using electrochemical methods, flame photometry and spectrophotometry and use the results to compare the results obtained using these methods. Because of the possibility of determining lithium in various media, the second aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical value of determining the concentration of lithium in erythrocytes in relation to the concentration of lithium in plasma. The third aim was to investigate the extent to which a therapeutic dose of lithium correlates with the measured concentrations of lithium in serum, plasma and erythrocytes. It was concluded that statistically there was no significant difference between the three test laboratory methods (P = 0.507). Investigating the correlation between the concentration of lithium in various media measured by different methods and the daily therapeutic dose of lithium, it was concluded that statistically a significant correlation was found only in serum lithium concentrations measured with electrochemical method (P = 0.009; r = 0.47). There was statistically a significant moderate correlation between the concentration of lithium in plasma and erythrocytes (P = 0.002; r = - 0.54), and the lithium concentration erythrocytes are higher than lithium concentrations in plasma (P = 0,043). The range of the ratio of the concentration of lithium in erythrocytes and plasma is wide (13.25 to 111.15), and is not in correlation with the therapeutic daily dose and therefore is not a better indicator in the control of the treatment.Primjena litija u medicini započela je sredinom 19. stoljeća kada je in vitro prikazana topljivost soli mokraćne kiseline u otopini litijeva karbonata Å”to je ukazalo na činjenicu da se litij može koristiti u liječenju gihta. KoriÅ”tenje litija u psihijatriji započinje 1949. godine kada je dokazan njegov učinak u liječenju manije. Njegov mehanizam djelovanja joÅ” nije u potpunosti razjaÅ”njen. Paralelno s koriÅ”tenjem litija u liječenju psihijatrijskih poremećaja razvile su se različite metode za određivanje koncentracije litija u ljudskim uzorcima. Prvi cilj studije bio je odrediti razinu litija u uzorcima seruma koristeći elektrokemijske metode, plamenu fotometriju, spektrofometriju i usporediti rezultate s rezultatima dobivenim koriÅ”tenjem ovih metoda. Zahvaljujući mogućnosti određivanja litija u raznim medijima, drugi cilj studije bio je procijeniti kliničke vrijednosti određivanja koncentracije litija u eritrocitima u odnosu na koncentraciju litija u plazmi. Treći cilj bio je istražiti u kojoj se mjeri terapijska doza litija podudara s izmjerenim koncentracijama litija u serumu, plazmi i eritrocitima. Zaključeno je da statistički ne postoji značajna razlika između tri laboratorijske metode (P.= 0.507). Istražujući povezanost između koncentracije litija u raznim medijima izmjerenim različitim metodama i dnevne terapeutske doze litija, zaključeno je da je statistički značajna poveznica pronađena jedino u izmjerenoj koncentraciji litija u serumu pomoću elektrokemijske metode (P 0 0.009; r = 0.47). Statistički je značajna umjerena povezanost između koncentracije litija u plazmi i eritrocitima (P = 0.002; r = - 0.54), i koncetracije litija u eritrocitima su veće od koncentracije litija u plazmi (P = 0,043). Raspon udjela koncentracije litija u eritrocitima i plazmi je Å”irok (13.25 do 111.15) i nije povezan s terapeutskom dnevnom dozom i stoga nije bolji indikator u kontroli tretmana

    Alopecia areata u bolesnice s graničnim poremećajem osobnosti uz istodobni poremećaj raspoloženja u obliku depresivne epizode

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    A case is presented of a 44-year-old female patient, highly educated, suffering from borderline personality disorder with comorbid mood disorder, manifested as a depressive episode, who had been suffering from acute emotional stress for a few months. She was through the procedure of divorce, losing her children by the court decision. Over a two-month period she had lost over 90% of her hair and started treatment for alopecia areata. She was simultaneously treated by a dermatologist and a psychiatrist, and attended group psychotherapy. The impact of psychological factors in the development, evolution and therapeutic management of alopecia areata was documented in this case. Life events and intrapsychically generated stress played an important role in triggering the disease. The treatment for the concomitant psychiatric disorder had a crucial role in this case because it had a favorable effect on the patient\u27s adaptation to her alopecia areata and social setting, and led to better dermatologic evolution of the disease.Prikazan je slučaj 44-godiÅ”nje visoko obrazovane bolesnice s graničnim poremećajem osobnosti uz istodobni poremećaj raspoloženja u obliku depresivne epizode, koja je nekoliko mjeseci proživljavala akutni emocionalni stres. ProÅ”la je postupak razvoda braka, a sudskom joj odlukom djeca nisu dodijeljena. Kroz dva mjeseca izgubila je preko 90% kose i započela je liječenje zbog alopecie areate. Istodobno su ju liječili dermatolog i psihijatar, a pohađala je i grupnu terapiju. U ovom je slučaju dokumentiran utjecaj psiholoÅ”kih čimbenika na razvoj, evoluciju i liječenje alopecie areate. životni događaji i psihički stres imali su važnu ulogu u pokretanju bolesti. Uloga liječenja u istodobnom psihičkom poremećaju bila je presudna u ovom slučaju, jer je imala pozitivan učinak na način na koji se je bolesnica prilagodila nastalom opadanju kose i druÅ”tvenom okruženju, Å”to je dovelo do boljeg dermatoloÅ”kog razvoja alopecie areate

    Povezanost sniženoga salivarnog melatonina i naruŔene kvalitete života u bolesnika s kroničnom spontanom urtikarijom - probno istraživanje

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    Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a dermatological disorder accompanied by itching that greatly affects the quality of life and quality of sleep. Therefore, it is assumed that CSU patients consequently experience reduced melatonin secretion and lower values of serum or salivary melatonin. This pilot study included 20 patients with CSU (chronic urticaria of unknown etiology that lasts for more than 6 weeks) and 10 healthy controls. All subjects were examined by a dermatovenereologist-allergist, as well as an oral pathologist, to exclude oral pathological conditions. Salivary melatonin levels were determined by ELISA and all subjects completed a standardized Dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index on the same day they gave a saliva sample for analysis. According to our results, 86% of CSU patients had decreased values of salivary melatonin, and lower salivary melatonin values significantly correlated with a reduced quality of life in CSU patients. This study was the first to analyze melatonin in CSU patients, also suggesting a possible new therapeutic option for the treatment of CSU.Kronična spontana urtikarija (KSU) je bolest kože praćena intenzivnim subjektivnim osjećajem svrbeža koji snažno utječe na kvalitetu života i kvalitetu spavanja bolesnika. Pretpostavka je da bolesnici s KSU-om posljedično imaju smanjeno lučenje melatonina, kao i niže vrijednosti melatonina u serumu ili slini. Ovo probno istraživanje uključilo je 20 bolesnika s KSU-om (urtikarija koja traje dulje od 6 tjedana nepoznate etiologije) i 10 zdravih ispitanika. Svakog bolesnika je pregledao dermatovenerolog-alergolog, kao i oralni patolog koji je isključio bolesti usne Å”upljine koje bi mogle utjecati na razinu melatonina u bolesnika. Razina salivarnog melatonina određena je testom ELISA, a svi ispitanici su ispunili standardizirani dermatoloÅ”ki upitnik o kvaliteti života (Dermatology Life Quality Index, DLQI) i PittsburÅ”ki upitnik o kvaliteti sna (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) istoga dana kad im je uzet uzorak sline za analizu. Prema rezultatima ovog istraživanja 86% bolesnika s KSU-om imalo je snižene vrijednosti salivarnog melatonina koje značajno koreliraju s loÅ”ijom kvalitetom života u bolesnika s KSU-om. Ovo istraživanje je prvo istraživanje koje je analiziralo vrijednosti melatonina u bolesnika s KSU-om i koje predlaže novu terapijsku mogućnost u liječenju KSU-e

    Consultation-liaison psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, A University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice model

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    Kroz ovaj rad prikazujemo aktivno djelovanje Odjela konzultativno-suradne psihijatrije i psihosomatske medicine kao prvog i trenutno jedinog formalno osnovanog odjela takve vrste u Republici Hrvatskoj. Aktivnosti iz područja Konzultativno-suradne psihijatrije se u Kliničkoj bolnici ā€œSestre milosrdniceā€ odvijaju praktički od samog osnutka psihijatrije u bolnici, već desetljećima. Također Odjel kao zasebna organizacijska jedinica postoji unazad Å”est godina. U radu Odjela za konzultativno-suradnu psihijatriju i psihosomatsku medicinu istaknuli bi važnost konzultacije i suradnje između specijalista tjelesne medicine i psihijatara, te naglaÅ”avamo značajnu ulogu psihosomatskog aspekta u tjelesnoj bolesti. Također težiÅ”te rada je isticanje važnosti uloge psihijatra u otkrivanju, dijagnostici i liječenju tjelesnih bolesnika s psihijatrijskim komplikacijama, a ostatku medicinskog tima ukazati da je svaki bolesnik osoba sa bioloÅ”kom, psiholoÅ”kom i socijalnom dimenzijom ili drugim riječima njegovanje holističkog, biopsihosocijalnog pristupa svakom bolesniku bio on samo tjelesni bolesnik ili i bolesnik s psihijatrijskim tegobama.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate an active participation of the Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine as the first and currently the only formally founded department of that kind in Croatia. Consultation-liasion psychiytry in Sestre milosrdnice has been present for decades, from the time when psychiatry department was founded at the hospital. Nevertheless, Department as an organizational unit has been active for the last six years. It is important to emphasize the cooperation and consultation between the specialists in ā€œsomaticā€ medicine and psychiatrists as well as to point out a psychosomatic aspect in physical illness. Moreover, the importance of psychiatristā€™s role in discovering, providing diagnosis and treating ā€œsomaticā€patients with psychiatric complications must be placed in the focus, and the rest of the medical team needs to be aware that each patient has its own biological, psychological and social dimension which requires a holistic, bio-psycho-social approach regardless of the patientā€™s physical or mental disorder
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